San Francisco Frontiers - 'Small courageous steps': Memorial opposing oppression in Russia

"Of course it is very difficult," Elena Zhemkova told AFP in an interview, stressing though that there had never been any question about whether or not to carry on working.

"We continue our work."

Memorial, which shared this year's Nobel Peace Prize with Ukraine's Center for Civil Liberties and detained Belarusian activist Ales Bialiatski, is the largest rights organisation in Russia.

Zhemkova said the announcement on October 7 honouring the embattled organisation she co-founded in 1989 with Andrei Sakharov -- himself the 1975 Peace Prize laureate -- had come as a complete surprise.

The 61-year-old described riding in a taxi on her way to open an exhibition when a colleague called and said something had happened and told her to "look at the news".

- Feared 'atomic bomb' -

"I couldn't imagine that we were talking about such a grand award," she said, adding that she feared "something very bad (had) happened".

"I was honestly thinking it was an atomic bomb."

When she realised that instead Memorial had won the world's most prestigious peace prize, she said she was "very glad", especially to share it with rights watchdogs from the two other nations at the centre of Moscow's war in Ukraine.

This "emphasises that people from civil society of different countries can and should fight together against evil", she said.

Russian authorities meanwhile appeared less than thrilled with Memorial's win.

The organisation, which has for decades worked to keep alive the memory of people who died in Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin's gulags, while also compiling information on ongoing political oppression in Russia, has faced a growing crackdown in recent years.

Last December, the Russian Supreme Court ordered Memorial dissolved, and just hours after the Nobel Committee's announcement on October 7, a Moscow court ordered the seizure of its headquarters.

"We received the news about the Nobel award, and then unfortunately, that day our house was taken from us," said Zhemkova.

"So this is the response of the Russian government."

- 'No heroes' -

But despite the challenges, she insisted that "we need to and we can continue our work."

Last week, Memorial was blocked from holding its annual tribute to Stalin's victims, known as the "Returning the Names" ceremony, in Moscow.

But Zhemkova pointed out that the marathon reading of the names of those killed under Stalin's regime had still taken place across 22 countries and 77 cities.

"They cannot stop our work," she said.

Inside Russia as well, she said Memorial was continuing to open exhibitions, organise excursions and "defend people's rights in court".

The Nobel win, she said, was helpful "because it is a very important sign of support".

Zhemkova, who was in Geneva to give the annual Kofi Annan Peace Address, acknowledged that she and other members of Memorial fear for their safety in Russia.

"There is a mass persecution of people and institutions which are opposing the official point of view," she said.

"Of course we are afraid... We are ordinary people."

"We are no heroes," she insisted, "but we are trying to take small courageous steps."

- 'Unlawful' -

In addition to the security risks they face, Zhemkova said she and many of her colleagues are being targeted by "unlawful and complicated criminal cases".

The Memorial chief is currently staying away from Russia, but lamented that she should not have to.

"I respect all the rules. I didn't break any laws, I am doing lawful work," she said.

But, she added, "I am against the war, and at the moment, (that) is enough to have a criminal investigation opened against you."

Asked what she thought about Russian President Vladimir Putin's actions, Zhemkova insisted: "I don't think about Putin. I am not interested in him at all."

"I am thinking about how many generations of Russians will need to pay for what he did."

W.Thompson--SFF